diff --git a/sgl-router/src/multimodal/mod.rs b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/mod.rs
index 76ee5d1c6..172e275f0 100644
--- a/sgl-router/src/multimodal/mod.rs
+++ b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ pub mod media;
 pub mod registry;
 pub mod tracker;
 pub mod types;
+pub mod vision;
 
 pub use error::{MediaConnectorError, MultiModalError, MultiModalResult};
 pub use media::{ImageFetchConfig, MediaConnector, MediaConnectorConfig, MediaSource};
diff --git a/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/image_processor.rs b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/image_processor.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8905101f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/image_processor.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+//! Image processor trait and output types.
+//!
+//! This module defines the interface for model-specific image processors
+//! and the common output format for preprocessed images.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use image::DynamicImage;
+use ndarray::Array4;
+
+use super::{preprocessor_config::PreProcessorConfig, transforms::TransformError};
+
+/// Model-specific output values that vary by architecture.
+///
+/// Different vision models require different auxiliary outputs beyond pixel_values.
+/// This enum captures the common types of such outputs.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum ModelSpecificValue {
+    /// A tensor with shape information (data as flat vec, shape as dims)
+    Tensor { data: Vec<f32>, shape: Vec<usize> },
+
+    /// A tensor of integers (e.g., aspect_ratio_ids)
+    IntTensor { data: Vec<i64>, shape: Vec<usize> },
+
+    /// A tensor of unsigned integers (e.g., image_grid_thw)
+    UintTensor { data: Vec<u32>, shape: Vec<usize> },
+
+    /// Simple integer value
+    Int(i64),
+
+    /// Simple float value
+    Float(f64),
+
+    /// List of integers
+    IntVec(Vec<i64>),
+
+    /// List of unsigned integers
+    UintVec(Vec<u32>),
+
+    /// List of floats
+    FloatVec(Vec<f32>),
+
+    /// List of tuples (e.g., image sizes)
+    TupleVec(Vec<(u32, u32)>),
+
+    /// Boolean flag
+    Bool(bool),
+}
+
+impl ModelSpecificValue {
+    /// Create a 1D uint tensor from a vector.
+    pub fn uint_1d(data: Vec<u32>) -> Self {
+        let len = data.len();
+        Self::UintTensor {
+            data,
+            shape: vec![len],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a 2D uint tensor.
+    pub fn uint_2d(data: Vec<u32>, rows: usize, cols: usize) -> Self {
+        Self::UintTensor {
+            data,
+            shape: vec![rows, cols],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a 1D int tensor from a vector.
+    pub fn int_1d(data: Vec<i64>) -> Self {
+        let len = data.len();
+        Self::IntTensor {
+            data,
+            shape: vec![len],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Preprocessed images ready for model consumption.
+///
+/// This struct contains all the outputs needed by the SGLang scheduler
+/// to construct `MultimodalInputs` for the model.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PreprocessedImages {
+    /// Pixel values as [B, C, H, W] float32 tensor.
+    ///
+    /// This is the primary input to the vision encoder.
+    pub pixel_values: Array4<f32>,
+
+    /// Number of image tokens per image in the batch.
+    ///
+    /// Used to expand placeholder tokens in the text input.
+    /// For example, LLaVA with 336x336 and patch_size=14 produces 576 tokens.
+    pub num_img_tokens: Vec<usize>,
+
+    /// Original image sizes as (width, height) before preprocessing.
+    ///
+    /// Some models need this for proper attention masking or position encoding.
+    pub image_sizes: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+
+    /// Model-specific auxiliary outputs.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    /// - Qwen-VL: `image_grid_thw` for rotary position encoding
+    /// - LLaMA-Vision: `aspect_ratio_ids`, `aspect_ratio_mask`
+    /// - Phi3-Vision: `num_img_tokens` per crop
+    pub model_specific: HashMap<String, ModelSpecificValue>,
+}
+
+impl PreprocessedImages {
+    /// Create a new PreprocessedImages with required fields.
+    pub fn new(
+        pixel_values: Array4<f32>,
+        num_img_tokens: Vec<usize>,
+        image_sizes: Vec<(u32, u32)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pixel_values,
+            num_img_tokens,
+            image_sizes,
+            model_specific: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a model-specific value.
+    pub fn with_extra(mut self, key: impl Into<String>, value: ModelSpecificValue) -> Self {
+        self.model_specific.insert(key.into(), value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the batch size.
+    pub fn batch_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pixel_values.shape()[0]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of channels.
+    pub fn channels(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pixel_values.shape()[1]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the height of processed images.
+    pub fn height(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pixel_values.shape()[2]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the width of processed images.
+    pub fn width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pixel_values.shape()[3]
+    }
+
+    /// Get total number of image tokens across all images.
+    pub fn total_tokens(&self) -> usize {
+        self.num_img_tokens.iter().sum()
+    }
+
+    /// Get pixel values as a flat f32 slice (row-major order).
+    pub fn pixel_values_flat(&self) -> Vec<f32> {
+        self.pixel_values.iter().copied().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the shape of pixel values as a vector.
+    pub fn pixel_values_shape(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        self.pixel_values.shape().to_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trait for model-specific image preprocessors.
+///
+/// Each vision model (LLaVA, Qwen-VL, Phi3-Vision, etc.) implements this trait
+/// to provide the correct preprocessing pipeline.
+pub trait ImagePreProcessor: Send + Sync {
+    /// Default normalization mean for this model family.
+    fn default_mean(&self) -> [f64; 3];
+
+    /// Default normalization std for this model family.
+    fn default_std(&self) -> [f64; 3];
+
+    /// Preprocess a batch of images.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `images` - Input images to preprocess
+    /// * `config` - Preprocessor configuration from HuggingFace
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// Preprocessed images ready for the model, or an error.
+    fn preprocess(
+        &self,
+        images: &[DynamicImage],
+        config: &PreProcessorConfig,
+    ) -> Result<PreprocessedImages, TransformError>;
+
+    /// Calculate the number of image tokens for a given image size.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to determine how many placeholder tokens to insert
+    /// in the text input before the image has been fully processed.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `width` - Image width after preprocessing
+    /// * `height` - Image height after preprocessing
+    /// * `config` - Preprocessor configuration
+    fn calculate_num_tokens(&self, width: u32, height: u32, config: &PreProcessorConfig) -> usize;
+
+    /// Get the model family name for identification.
+    fn model_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+
+    /// Get the expected image size after preprocessing.
+    ///
+    /// Some models have fixed sizes, others are dynamic.
+    fn get_processed_size(&self, config: &PreProcessorConfig) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+        config.get_target_size()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Registry of available image processors.
+pub struct ImageProcessorRegistry {
+    processors: HashMap<String, Box<dyn ImagePreProcessor>>,
+}
+
+impl ImageProcessorRegistry {
+    /// Create a new empty registry.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            processors: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Register a processor for a model pattern.
+    pub fn register(&mut self, pattern: impl Into<String>, processor: Box<dyn ImagePreProcessor>) {
+        self.processors.insert(pattern.into(), processor);
+    }
+
+    /// Find a processor for the given model ID.
+    ///
+    /// Matches by substring containment (case-insensitive).
+    pub fn find(&self, model_id: &str) -> Option<&dyn ImagePreProcessor> {
+        let model_lower = model_id.to_lowercase();
+        for (pattern, processor) in &self.processors {
+            if model_lower.contains(&pattern.to_lowercase()) {
+                return Some(processor.as_ref());
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a model has a registered processor.
+    pub fn has_processor(&self, model_id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.find(model_id).is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Get list of supported model patterns.
+    pub fn supported_patterns(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        self.processors.keys().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ImageProcessorRegistry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use ndarray::Array4;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_preprocessed_images_accessors() {
+        let pixel_values = Array4::<f32>::zeros((2, 3, 336, 336));
+        let images =
+            PreprocessedImages::new(pixel_values, vec![576, 576], vec![(640, 480), (800, 600)]);
+
+        assert_eq!(images.batch_size(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(images.channels(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(images.height(), 336);
+        assert_eq!(images.width(), 336);
+        assert_eq!(images.total_tokens(), 1152);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_preprocessed_images_with_extra() {
+        let pixel_values = Array4::<f32>::zeros((1, 3, 224, 224));
+        let images = PreprocessedImages::new(pixel_values, vec![196], vec![(224, 224)])
+            .with_extra(
+                "image_grid_thw",
+                ModelSpecificValue::uint_1d(vec![1, 16, 16]),
+            )
+            .with_extra("aspect_ratio_id", ModelSpecificValue::Int(0));
+
+        assert!(images.model_specific.contains_key("image_grid_thw"));
+        assert!(images.model_specific.contains_key("aspect_ratio_id"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_model_specific_value_constructors() {
+        let uint_1d = ModelSpecificValue::uint_1d(vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        match uint_1d {
+            ModelSpecificValue::UintTensor { data, shape } => {
+                assert_eq!(data, vec![1, 2, 3]);
+                assert_eq!(shape, vec![3]);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected UintTensor"),
+        }
+
+        let uint_2d = ModelSpecificValue::uint_2d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4], 2, 2);
+        match uint_2d {
+            ModelSpecificValue::UintTensor { data, shape } => {
+                assert_eq!(data, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+                assert_eq!(shape, vec![2, 2]);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected UintTensor"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pixel_values_flat() {
+        let mut pixel_values = Array4::<f32>::zeros((1, 1, 2, 2));
+        pixel_values[[0, 0, 0, 0]] = 1.0;
+        pixel_values[[0, 0, 0, 1]] = 2.0;
+        pixel_values[[0, 0, 1, 0]] = 3.0;
+        pixel_values[[0, 0, 1, 1]] = 4.0;
+
+        let images = PreprocessedImages::new(pixel_values, vec![4], vec![(2, 2)]);
+        let flat = images.pixel_values_flat();
+
+        assert_eq!(flat, vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/mod.rs b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce1f98c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Pure Rust vision processing module for multimodal models.
+//!
+//! This module provides image preprocessing pipelines that match HuggingFace processor
+//! outputs without requiring Python dependencies.
+//!
+//! # Architecture
+//!
+//! The vision module is structured as follows:
+//!
+//! - `transforms`: Core image transformations (resize, normalize, crop, etc.)
+//! - `preprocessor_config`: HuggingFace config parsing
+//! - `image_processor`: Trait and output types for processors
+//!
+//! Model-specific processors will be added in Phase 2.
+//!
+//! # Usage
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! use sgl_model_gateway::multimodal::vision::{
+//!     PreProcessorConfig,
+//!     transforms,
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Load config from HuggingFace
+//! let config = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(config_json)?;
+//!
+//! // Use transforms directly
+//! let tensor = transforms::to_tensor(&image);
+//! transforms::normalize(&mut tensor, &mean, &std);
+//! ```
+
+pub mod image_processor;
+pub mod preprocessor_config;
+pub mod transforms;
+
+// Re-export commonly used types
+pub use image_processor::{ImagePreProcessor, ModelSpecificValue, PreprocessedImages};
+pub use preprocessor_config::PreProcessorConfig;
+pub use transforms::TransformError;
diff --git a/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/preprocessor_config.rs b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/preprocessor_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c422163d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/preprocessor_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+//! HuggingFace preprocessor_config.json parsing.
+//!
+//! This module parses the `preprocessor_config.json` files from HuggingFace model
+//! repositories, providing the configuration needed for image preprocessing.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use image::imageops::FilterType;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+use super::transforms;
+
+/// HuggingFace preprocessor_config.json structure.
+///
+/// This struct captures the common fields across different vision model processors.
+/// Model-specific fields are accessed via the flexible `extra` field.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct PreProcessorConfig {
+    /// Processor class name (e.g., "CLIPImageProcessor", "Qwen2VLImageProcessor")
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub image_processor_type: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Whether to convert to RGB
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub do_convert_rgb: Option<bool>,
+
+    /// Whether to normalize with mean/std
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub do_normalize: Option<bool>,
+
+    /// Whether to pad images
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub do_pad: Option<bool>,
+
+    /// Whether to rescale pixel values (typically by 1/255)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub do_rescale: Option<bool>,
+
+    /// Whether to resize images
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub do_resize: Option<bool>,
+
+    /// Whether to center crop after resizing
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub do_center_crop: Option<bool>,
+
+    /// Per-channel normalization mean
+    #[serde(default, alias = "norm_mean")]
+    pub image_mean: Option<Vec<f64>>,
+
+    /// Per-channel normalization std
+    #[serde(default, alias = "norm_std")]
+    pub image_std: Option<Vec<f64>>,
+
+    /// Rescale factor (typically 1/255 = 0.00392156862745098)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub rescale_factor: Option<f64>,
+
+    /// PIL resampling filter enum (0=Nearest, 1=Lanczos, 2=Bilinear, 3=Bicubic)
+    #[serde(default, alias = "resample")]
+    pub resampling: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Target size for resizing
+    /// Can be {"height": H, "width": W} or {"shortest_edge": S}
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub size: Option<HashMap<String, u32>>,
+
+    /// Target size for center cropping
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub crop_size: Option<HashMap<String, u32>>,
+
+    // =====================
+    // Model-specific fields
+    // =====================
+    /// Vision encoder patch size (typically 14 or 16)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub patch_size: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Qwen-VL: merge size for token reduction
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub merge_size: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Qwen-VL: minimum total pixels
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub min_pixels: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Qwen-VL: maximum total pixels
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub max_pixels: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Qwen-VL: temporal patch size for video
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub temporal_patch_size: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Phi3-Vision: number of image crops
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub num_crops: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// LLaMA-Vision: maximum image tiles
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub max_image_tiles: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Fixed number of image tokens (some models use this)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub num_img_tokens: Option<usize>,
+
+    // =====================
+    // Special tokens
+    // =====================
+    /// Image start token
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub im_start_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Image end token
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub im_end_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Slice start token (for multi-crop)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub slice_start_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Slice end token
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub slice_end_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Vision start token (alternative naming)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub vision_start_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Vision end token
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub vision_end_token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Catch-all for model-specific fields not explicitly defined
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub extra: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+}
+
+impl PreProcessorConfig {
+    /// Parse from JSON string.
+    pub fn from_json(json: &str) -> Result<Self, serde_json::Error> {
+        serde_json::from_str(json)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse from JSON value.
+    pub fn from_value(value: serde_json::Value) -> Result<Self, serde_json::Error> {
+        serde_json::from_value(value)
+    }
+
+    /// Get image mean as fixed array, with fallback to CLIP defaults.
+    pub fn get_image_mean(&self) -> [f64; 3] {
+        self.image_mean
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|v| {
+                if v.len() >= 3 {
+                    Some([v[0], v[1], v[2]])
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Self::CLIP_MEAN)
+    }
+
+    /// Get image std as fixed array, with fallback to CLIP defaults.
+    pub fn get_image_std(&self) -> [f64; 3] {
+        self.image_std
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|v| {
+                if v.len() >= 3 {
+                    Some([v[0], v[1], v[2]])
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(Self::CLIP_STD)
+    }
+
+    /// Get target size from various config formats.
+    ///
+    /// Handles both `{"height": H, "width": W}` and `{"shortest_edge": S}` formats.
+    /// Returns (height, width).
+    pub fn get_target_size(&self) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+        self.size.as_ref().map(|s| {
+            // Try explicit height/width first
+            let h = s
+                .get("height")
+                .or_else(|| s.get("shortest_edge"))
+                .copied()
+                .unwrap_or(224);
+            let w = s
+                .get("width")
+                .or_else(|| s.get("shortest_edge"))
+                .copied()
+                .unwrap_or(224);
+            (h, w)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get crop size.
+    ///
+    /// Returns (height, width).
+    pub fn get_crop_size(&self) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+        self.crop_size.as_ref().map(|s| {
+            let h = s.get("height").copied().unwrap_or(224);
+            let w = s.get("width").copied().unwrap_or(224);
+            (h, w)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the interpolation filter for resizing.
+    pub fn get_filter(&self) -> FilterType {
+        transforms::pil_to_filter(self.resampling)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if normalization should be applied.
+    pub fn should_normalize(&self) -> bool {
+        self.do_normalize.unwrap_or(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if rescaling should be applied.
+    pub fn should_rescale(&self) -> bool {
+        self.do_rescale.unwrap_or(false)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if resizing should be applied.
+    pub fn should_resize(&self) -> bool {
+        self.do_resize.unwrap_or(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Check if center cropping should be applied.
+    pub fn should_center_crop(&self) -> bool {
+        self.do_center_crop.unwrap_or(false)
+    }
+
+    /// Get rescale factor with default.
+    pub fn get_rescale_factor(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.rescale_factor.unwrap_or(1.0 / 255.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a typed extra field.
+    pub fn get_extra<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(&self, key: &str) -> Option<T> {
+        self.extra
+            .get(key)
+            .and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).ok())
+    }
+
+    // Common default values
+    pub const CLIP_MEAN: [f64; 3] = [0.48145466, 0.4578275, 0.40821073];
+    pub const CLIP_STD: [f64; 3] = [0.26862954, 0.26130258, 0.27577711];
+
+    pub const IMAGENET_MEAN: [f64; 3] = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406];
+    pub const IMAGENET_STD: [f64; 3] = [0.229, 0.224, 0.225];
+
+    pub const SIGLIP_MEAN: [f64; 3] = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5];
+    pub const SIGLIP_STD: [f64; 3] = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5];
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_clip_config() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "do_center_crop": true,
+            "do_normalize": true,
+            "do_resize": true,
+            "image_mean": [0.48145466, 0.4578275, 0.40821073],
+            "image_std": [0.26862954, 0.26130258, 0.27577711],
+            "resample": 3,
+            "size": {"shortest_edge": 224}
+        }"#;
+
+        let config = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(json).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(config.should_normalize());
+        assert!(config.should_center_crop());
+        assert!(config.should_resize());
+        assert_eq!(config.resampling, Some(3));
+
+        let (h, w) = config.get_target_size().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(h, 224);
+        assert_eq!(w, 224);
+
+        let mean = config.get_image_mean();
+        assert!((mean[0] - 0.48145466).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qwen_vl_config() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "do_normalize": true,
+            "do_rescale": true,
+            "do_resize": true,
+            "image_mean": [0.48145466, 0.4578275, 0.40821073],
+            "image_std": [0.26862954, 0.26130258, 0.27577711],
+            "min_pixels": 200704,
+            "max_pixels": 1003520,
+            "patch_size": 14,
+            "merge_size": 2,
+            "temporal_patch_size": 2,
+            "rescale_factor": 0.00392156862745098
+        }"#;
+
+        let config = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(json).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(config.min_pixels, Some(200704));
+        assert_eq!(config.max_pixels, Some(1003520));
+        assert_eq!(config.patch_size, Some(14));
+        assert_eq!(config.merge_size, Some(2));
+        assert!((config.get_rescale_factor() - 1.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-10);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_size_formats() {
+        // Height/width format
+        let json1 = r#"{"size": {"height": 336, "width": 336}}"#;
+        let config1 = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(json1).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config1.get_target_size(), Some((336, 336)));
+
+        // Shortest edge format
+        let json2 = r#"{"size": {"shortest_edge": 224}}"#;
+        let config2 = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(json2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config2.get_target_size(), Some((224, 224)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_defaults() {
+        let config = PreProcessorConfig::default();
+
+        // Should use CLIP defaults when not specified
+        let mean = config.get_image_mean();
+        assert!((mean[0] - PreProcessorConfig::CLIP_MEAN[0]).abs() < 1e-6);
+
+        // Default behaviors
+        assert!(config.should_normalize()); // true by default
+        assert!(!config.should_rescale()); // false by default
+        assert!(config.should_resize()); // true by default
+        assert!(!config.should_center_crop()); // false by default
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_conversion() {
+        let json = r#"{"resampling": 3}"#;
+        let config = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(json).unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(config.get_filter(), FilterType::CatmullRom));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extra_fields() {
+        let json = r#"{
+            "custom_field": 42,
+            "nested": {"foo": "bar"}
+        }"#;
+
+        let config = PreProcessorConfig::from_json(json).unwrap();
+
+        let custom: Option<i32> = config.get_extra("custom_field");
+        assert_eq!(custom, Some(42));
+
+        let nested: Option<HashMap<String, String>> = config.get_extra("nested");
+        assert_eq!(
+            nested.as_ref().unwrap().get("foo"),
+            Some(&"bar".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/transforms.rs b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/transforms.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0cdff2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sgl-router/src/multimodal/vision/transforms.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+//! Image transformation functions for vision preprocessing.
+//!
+//! This module provides composable transforms that match HuggingFace image processor
+//! behavior, enabling pure Rust preprocessing without Python dependencies.
+
+use image::{imageops::FilterType, DynamicImage, GenericImageView, Rgb, RgbImage};
+use ndarray::{s, Array3, Array4};
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+/// Errors that can occur during image transformations.
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum TransformError {
+    #[error("Invalid tensor shape: expected {expected}, got {actual:?}")]
+    InvalidShape {
+        expected: String,
+        actual: Vec<usize>,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Image operation failed: {0}")]
+    ImageError(#[from] image::ImageError),
+
+    #[error("Empty batch: cannot stack zero tensors")]
+    EmptyBatch,
+
+    #[error("Inconsistent tensor shapes in batch")]
+    InconsistentShapes,
+}
+
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, TransformError>;
+
+/// Convert image to tensor [C, H, W] normalized to [0, 1].
+///
+/// This matches the default behavior of `torchvision.transforms.ToTensor()`.
+pub fn to_tensor(image: &DynamicImage) -> Array3<f32> {
+    let rgb = image.to_rgb8();
+    let (w, h) = (rgb.width() as usize, rgb.height() as usize);
+    let mut arr = Array3::<f32>::zeros((3, h, w));
+
+    for (x, y, pixel) in rgb.enumerate_pixels() {
+        let (x, y) = (x as usize, y as usize);
+        arr[[0, y, x]] = pixel[0] as f32 / 255.0;
+        arr[[1, y, x]] = pixel[1] as f32 / 255.0;
+        arr[[2, y, x]] = pixel[2] as f32 / 255.0;
+    }
+    arr
+}
+
+/// Convert image to tensor [C, H, W] without normalization (keeps [0, 255]).
+///
+/// Some models expect unnormalized pixel values.
+pub fn to_tensor_no_norm(image: &DynamicImage) -> Array3<f32> {
+    let rgb = image.to_rgb8();
+    let (w, h) = (rgb.width() as usize, rgb.height() as usize);
+    let mut arr = Array3::<f32>::zeros((3, h, w));
+
+    for (x, y, pixel) in rgb.enumerate_pixels() {
+        let (x, y) = (x as usize, y as usize);
+        arr[[0, y, x]] = pixel[0] as f32;
+        arr[[1, y, x]] = pixel[1] as f32;
+        arr[[2, y, x]] = pixel[2] as f32;
+    }
+    arr
+}
+
+/// Normalize tensor per channel: (x - mean) / std.
+///
+/// This matches `torchvision.transforms.Normalize(mean, std)`.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `tensor` - Input tensor of shape [C, H, W]
+/// * `mean` - Per-channel mean values
+/// * `std` - Per-channel standard deviation values
+pub fn normalize(tensor: &mut Array3<f32>, mean: &[f64; 3], std: &[f64; 3]) {
+    for c in 0..3 {
+        let mean_c = mean[c] as f32;
+        let std_c = std[c] as f32;
+        tensor
+            .slice_mut(s![c, .., ..])
+            .mapv_inplace(|v| (v - mean_c) / std_c);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rescale tensor by a constant factor.
+///
+/// Used when `do_rescale=True` in HuggingFace configs (typically 1/255).
+pub fn rescale(tensor: &mut Array3<f32>, factor: f64) {
+    let factor = factor as f32;
+    tensor.mapv_inplace(|v| v * factor);
+}
+
+/// Resize image to exact dimensions.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `image` - Input image
+/// * `width` - Target width
+/// * `height` - Target height
+/// * `filter` - Interpolation filter (Nearest, Triangle/Bilinear, CatmullRom/Bicubic, Lanczos3)
+pub fn resize(image: &DynamicImage, width: u32, height: u32, filter: FilterType) -> DynamicImage {
+    image.resize_exact(width, height, filter)
+}
+
+/// Resize image preserving aspect ratio, fitting within max dimensions.
+pub fn resize_to_fit(
+    image: &DynamicImage,
+    max_width: u32,
+    max_height: u32,
+    filter: FilterType,
+) -> DynamicImage {
+    image.resize(max_width, max_height, filter)
+}
+
+/// Center crop image to specified dimensions.
+///
+/// If the crop size is larger than the image, the image is returned unchanged.
+pub fn center_crop(image: &DynamicImage, crop_w: u32, crop_h: u32) -> DynamicImage {
+    let (w, h) = image.dimensions();
+    if crop_w >= w && crop_h >= h {
+        return image.clone();
+    }
+    let left = (w.saturating_sub(crop_w)) / 2;
+    let top = (h.saturating_sub(crop_h)) / 2;
+    let actual_w = crop_w.min(w);
+    let actual_h = crop_h.min(h);
+    image.crop_imm(left, top, actual_w, actual_h)
+}
+
+/// Expand image to square by padding with background color.
+///
+/// This is used by LLaVA models which expect square inputs. The image is
+/// centered and padded with the mean color on the shorter dimension.
+pub fn expand_to_square(image: &DynamicImage, background: Rgb<u8>) -> DynamicImage {
+    let (w, h) = image.dimensions();
+    match w.cmp(&h) {
+        std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => image.clone(),
+        std::cmp::Ordering::Less => {
+            // Height > Width: pad horizontally
+            let mut new_image = DynamicImage::from(RgbImage::from_pixel(h, h, background));
+            image::imageops::overlay(&mut new_image, image, ((h - w) / 2) as i64, 0);
+            new_image
+        }
+        std::cmp::Ordering::Greater => {
+            // Width > Height: pad vertically
+            let mut new_image = DynamicImage::from(RgbImage::from_pixel(w, w, background));
+            image::imageops::overlay(&mut new_image, image, 0, ((w - h) / 2) as i64);
+            new_image
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pad image to specified dimensions with background color.
+///
+/// Image is placed at top-left corner.
+pub fn pad_to_size(
+    image: &DynamicImage,
+    target_w: u32,
+    target_h: u32,
+    background: Rgb<u8>,
+) -> DynamicImage {
+    let (w, h) = image.dimensions();
+    if w >= target_w && h >= target_h {
+        return image.clone();
+    }
+    let new_w = w.max(target_w);
+    let new_h = h.max(target_h);
+    let mut new_image = DynamicImage::from(RgbImage::from_pixel(new_w, new_h, background));
+    image::imageops::overlay(&mut new_image, image, 0, 0);
+    new_image
+}
+
+/// Stack multiple [C, H, W] tensors into [B, C, H, W].
+///
+/// All tensors must have the same shape.
+pub fn stack_batch(tensors: &[Array3<f32>]) -> Result<Array4<f32>> {
+    if tensors.is_empty() {
+        return Err(TransformError::EmptyBatch);
+    }
+
+    let shape = tensors[0].shape();
+    let (c, h, w) = (shape[0], shape[1], shape[2]);
+
+    // Verify all tensors have the same shape
+    for tensor in tensors.iter().skip(1) {
+        if tensor.shape() != shape {
+            return Err(TransformError::InvalidShape {
+                expected: format!("[{}, {}, {}]", c, h, w),
+                actual: tensor.shape().to_vec(),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut batch = Array4::<f32>::zeros((tensors.len(), c, h, w));
+    for (i, tensor) in tensors.iter().enumerate() {
+        batch.slice_mut(s![i, .., .., ..]).assign(tensor);
+    }
+
+    Ok(batch)
+}
+
+/// Convert PIL/HuggingFace resampling enum to image crate filter.
+///
+/// PIL resampling constants:
+/// - 0: NEAREST
+/// - 1: LANCZOS (also ANTIALIAS)
+/// - 2: BILINEAR
+/// - 3: BICUBIC
+/// - 4: BOX
+/// - 5: HAMMING
+pub fn pil_to_filter(resampling: Option<usize>) -> FilterType {
+    match resampling {
+        Some(0) => FilterType::Nearest,
+        Some(1) => FilterType::Lanczos3,
+        Some(2) | None => FilterType::Triangle, // Bilinear (default)
+        Some(3) => FilterType::CatmullRom,      // Bicubic
+        // Box and Hamming don't have direct equivalents, use Triangle
+        Some(4) | Some(5) => FilterType::Triangle,
+        _ => FilterType::Triangle,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calculate mean color of an image as RGB.
+pub fn calculate_mean_color(image: &DynamicImage) -> Rgb<u8> {
+    let rgb = image.to_rgb8();
+    let (w, h) = (rgb.width() as u64, rgb.height() as u64);
+    let total_pixels = w * h;
+
+    if total_pixels == 0 {
+        return Rgb([128, 128, 128]);
+    }
+
+    let (mut r_sum, mut g_sum, mut b_sum) = (0u64, 0u64, 0u64);
+    for pixel in rgb.pixels() {
+        r_sum += pixel[0] as u64;
+        g_sum += pixel[1] as u64;
+        b_sum += pixel[2] as u64;
+    }
+
+    Rgb([
+        (r_sum / total_pixels) as u8,
+        (g_sum / total_pixels) as u8,
+        (b_sum / total_pixels) as u8,
+    ])
+}
+
+/// Convert normalized mean values [0, 1] to RGB bytes.
+pub fn mean_to_rgb(mean: &[f64; 3]) -> Rgb<u8> {
+    Rgb([
+        (mean[0] * 255.0).round() as u8,
+        (mean[1] * 255.0).round() as u8,
+        (mean[2] * 255.0).round() as u8,
+    ])
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn create_test_image(width: u32, height: u32, color: Rgb<u8>) -> DynamicImage {
+        DynamicImage::from(RgbImage::from_pixel(width, height, color))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_tensor_shape() {
+        let img = create_test_image(10, 20, Rgb([255, 128, 0]));
+        let tensor = to_tensor(&img);
+        assert_eq!(tensor.shape(), &[3, 20, 10]); // [C, H, W]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_tensor_values() {
+        let img = create_test_image(2, 2, Rgb([255, 128, 0]));
+        let tensor = to_tensor(&img);
+
+        // Check normalization to [0, 1]
+        assert!((tensor[[0, 0, 0]] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6); // R=255 -> 1.0
+        assert!((tensor[[1, 0, 0]] - 0.502).abs() < 0.01); // G=128 -> ~0.5
+        assert!((tensor[[2, 0, 0]] - 0.0).abs() < 1e-6); // B=0 -> 0.0
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_tensor_no_norm() {
+        let img = create_test_image(2, 2, Rgb([255, 128, 64]));
+        let tensor = to_tensor_no_norm(&img);
+
+        assert!((tensor[[0, 0, 0]] - 255.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((tensor[[1, 0, 0]] - 128.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((tensor[[2, 0, 0]] - 64.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_normalize() {
+        let mut tensor = Array3::<f32>::from_elem((3, 2, 2), 0.5);
+        let mean = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5];
+        let std = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5];
+
+        normalize(&mut tensor, &mean, &std);
+
+        // (0.5 - 0.5) / 0.5 = 0.0
+        for val in tensor.iter() {
+            assert!(val.abs() < 1e-6);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rescale() {
+        let mut tensor = Array3::<f32>::from_elem((3, 2, 2), 255.0);
+        rescale(&mut tensor, 1.0 / 255.0);
+
+        for val in tensor.iter() {
+            assert!((val - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_resize() {
+        let img = create_test_image(100, 50, Rgb([128, 128, 128]));
+        let resized = resize(&img, 50, 25, FilterType::Triangle);
+
+        assert_eq!(resized.width(), 50);
+        assert_eq!(resized.height(), 25);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_center_crop() {
+        let img = create_test_image(100, 100, Rgb([128, 128, 128]));
+        let cropped = center_crop(&img, 50, 50);
+
+        assert_eq!(cropped.width(), 50);
+        assert_eq!(cropped.height(), 50);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_expand_to_square_horizontal() {
+        let img = create_test_image(100, 50, Rgb([255, 0, 0]));
+        let background = Rgb([0, 0, 0]);
+        let squared = expand_to_square(&img, background);
+
+        assert_eq!(squared.width(), 100);
+        assert_eq!(squared.height(), 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_expand_to_square_vertical() {
+        let img = create_test_image(50, 100, Rgb([255, 0, 0]));
+        let background = Rgb([0, 0, 0]);
+        let squared = expand_to_square(&img, background);
+
+        assert_eq!(squared.width(), 100);
+        assert_eq!(squared.height(), 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_expand_to_square_already_square() {
+        let img = create_test_image(100, 100, Rgb([255, 0, 0]));
+        let background = Rgb([0, 0, 0]);
+        let squared = expand_to_square(&img, background);
+
+        assert_eq!(squared.width(), 100);
+        assert_eq!(squared.height(), 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_stack_batch() {
+        let t1 = Array3::<f32>::zeros((3, 10, 10));
+        let t2 = Array3::<f32>::ones((3, 10, 10));
+
+        let batch = stack_batch(&[t1, t2]).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(batch.shape(), &[2, 3, 10, 10]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_stack_batch_empty() {
+        let result = stack_batch(&[]);
+        assert!(matches!(result, Err(TransformError::EmptyBatch)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pil_to_filter() {
+        assert!(matches!(pil_to_filter(Some(0)), FilterType::Nearest));
+        assert!(matches!(pil_to_filter(Some(1)), FilterType::Lanczos3));
+        assert!(matches!(pil_to_filter(Some(2)), FilterType::Triangle));
+        assert!(matches!(pil_to_filter(Some(3)), FilterType::CatmullRom));
+        assert!(matches!(pil_to_filter(None), FilterType::Triangle));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_mean_to_rgb() {
+        let mean = [0.5, 0.25, 1.0];
+        let rgb = mean_to_rgb(&mean);
+
+        assert_eq!(rgb[0], 128);
+        assert_eq!(rgb[1], 64);
+        assert_eq!(rgb[2], 255);
+    }
+}